Negative Space

Negative Space is the empty space throughout and between the subject(s) of an image. Negative Space can be used for defining an object, creating balance, or in this case highlighting the key object's significance.

Balance

Balance is a fundamental part of visual design that refers to the arrangement of visual elements to create a sense of balance and harmony within a design. For example, if you were to split the picture above in half the elements on each side are almost mirrored.

Proximity 

Proximity is the spatial relationship between objects or how close these objects are to one another. For example, Proximity can be used in magazines to help the reader connect the text to a visual. 

The Gestalt Theory of Design

The Gestalt theory of Design is constructed by the idea that the human brain organizes complex images and designs into a whole.

Composition

Composition Is the arrangement in which elements within a design are placed, including how the elements correlate to one another and add an effect to the design. For example, the picture above shows how the elements within the photo correlate to one another and how they draw in the viewer's eye.

Hierarchy

Hierarchy is a technique used based on the relative size, shape, or position of objects to highlight their significance within a design. For example in the picture above the woman is larger than the child in the background highlighting her importance in the design.